CILRAP » Online thematic libraries » Quality Control in the Practice of Criminal Justice and Fact-Finding

English

中文

عربي

Quality Control in the Practice of Criminal Justice and Fact-Finding

CILRAP’s research projects and knowledge-generation have included a programme focusing on weak links and vulnerabilities in the practice of criminal justice and fact-finding, especially as regards the phases prior to trial and core international crimes (but also fact-rich organised crime, serious fraud and human trafficking). This page gives you access to the contents of 11 of the books that have resulted from this ongoing focus since 2006: five from CILRAP’s ‘Quality Control Project’, two on case selection and prioritisation, two on evidence questions, one on interviewing, and one on mass-backlog of potential cases. The index below gives you one-click and free access to all chapters and forewords in these books, a wealth of insights and suggestions relevant to practitioners, diplomats and scholars.

The output of the ‘Quality Control Project’ (2012-2020) and a 2025 TOAEP-volume on fraud and corruption investigation includes 88 chapters (indexed and linked to below), amounting to 3,516 pages, by more than 100 authors, among them several world-leading practitioners and experts. They discuss how we can work better in fact-rich cases during three distinct phases: fact-finding or documentation, preliminary examination as well as criminal investigation, covering the period from when NGOs or other actors first start to analyse allegations until a criminal trial begins – a period that attracts less attention than the trial and appeal, but consumes more time and money as it is fundamentally fact-intensive. If serious errors are not corrected during preliminary examination and investigation, entire cases collapse, as we have seen.

Because there is more discretion and less outside involvement during this phase, the will to quality control – by individuals and agencies involved – is essential to save resources and avoid miscarriage of justice. The Project therefore urges an individual mindset and organisational culture of quality control. The non-offensive term ‘quality control’ should be a watchword in criminal justice, especially for core international crimes, as reflected in the final report of the Independent Expert Review of the International Criminal Court, led by Richard J. Goldstone, a contributor to the ‘Quality Control Project’ since 2013 (as well as in the contributions by other leaders in the field such as Xabier Agirre Aranburu, Mads Andenæs, Fatou Bensouda, Gilbert Bitti, Serge Brammertz, Andrew T. Cayley, Wolfgang Kaleck, Liu Daqun, David Re, Martin Scheinin and Carsten Stahn).

The Project has enjoyed support from several institutional and individual partners, in particular the Norwegian Government, Indian Law Institute (Professor Manoj Kumar Sinha, Director of the Institute), the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda), the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), Ambassador Narinder Singh (former Chair, UN International Law Commission), and Justice Madan B. Lokur (former Judge, Supreme Court of India).

Here are the 11 books:

Quality Control in Fact-Finding
Edited by Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn

Table of Contents
'Preface to the Second Edition'
By Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn
'Foreword to the Second Edition'
By Mads Andenæs
'Preface to the First Edition'
By Serge Brammertz
'Foreword to the First Edition'
By Morten Bergsmo
'Foreword to the First Edition'
By LING Yan
'Non-Criminal Justice Fact-Work in the Age of Accountability'
By Marina Aksenova, Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn
'Quality Control in International Fact-Finding Outside Criminal Justice for Core International Crimes'
By Richard J. Goldstone
'Improving Fact-Finding in Treaty-Based Human Rights Mechanisms and the Special Procedures of the United Nations Human Rights Council'
By Martin Scheinin
'Justified Belief in the Unbelievable'
By Simon De Smet
'Quality Control in Truth and Reconciliation Processes'
By LIU Daqun
'Quality Control and the Mandate of International Fact-Finding'
By FAN Yuwen
'Coherence in the Design and Implementation of the Mandates of International Fact-Finding Commissions: Internal and External Dimensions'
By Isabelle Lassée
'Quality Control and the Selection of Members of International Fact-Finding Mandates'
By WU Xiaodan
'Purpose and Legitimacy in International Fact-Finding Bodies'
By Dan Saxon
'Witness Sensitive Practices in International Fact-Finding Outside Criminal Justice: Lessons for Nepal'
By Christopher B. Mahony
'Fact-Finding in the Former Yugoslavia: What the Courts Did'
By David Re
'International Criminal Law Outside the Courtroom: The Impact of Focusing on International Crimes for the Quality of Fact-Finding'
By Dov Jacobs and Catherine Harwood
'Can International Criminal Investigators and Prosecutors Afford to Ignore Information from United Nations Human Rights Sources?'
By Lyal S. Sunga
'Non-Governmental Organisation Fact-Work: Not Only a Technical Problem'
By Wolfgang Kaleck and Carolijn Terwindt
'Fact-Finding and the International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission'
By Charles Garraway
'Information Technology and Quality Control in Non-Criminal Justice Fact-Work'
By Ilia Utmelidze
'Human Rights Fact-Finding: Some Legal and Ethical Dilemmas'
By Geoffrey Robertson
'Finding Facts on Facebook: Social Media in the Work of Human Rights Fact-Finding Bodies'
By Emma Irving
'International(ised) Criminal Justice at a Crossroads: The Role of Civil Society in the Investigation of Core International Crimes and the ‘CIJA Model’'
By William H. Wiley

Quality Control in Preliminary Examination
Edited by Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn

Table of Contents
'Foreword'
By LIU Daqun
'Foreword'
By Martin Sørby
'Foreword'
By Morten Bergsmo and Carsten Stahn
'On the Magic, Mystery and Mayhem of Preliminary Examinations'
By Carsten Stahn, Morten Bergsmo and CHAN Ho Shing Icarus

Part 1: The Practice of Preliminary Examination: Realities and Constraints

'Constraints and Quality Control in Preliminary Examination: Critical Lessons Learned from the ICTY, the ICC, the ECCC and the United Kingdom'
By Andrew T. Cayley
'The Concern for Quality Control and Norwegian Preliminary Examination Practice'
By Runar Torgersen
'Preliminary Examination in the United States Military: Quality Control and Reform'
By Franklin D. Rosenblatt
'Pre-Investigation and Accountability in India: Legal and Policy Roadblocks'
By Abraham Joseph
'German Preliminary Examinations of International Crimes'
By Matthias Neuner
'The Legalistic Function of Preliminary Examinations: Quality Control as a Two-Way Street'
By Matilde E. Gawronski
'The Pre-Preliminary Examination Stage: Theory and Practice of the OTP’s Phase 1 Activities'
By Amitis Khojasteh

Part 2: Case Studies or Situation Analysis

'The ICC Involvement in Colombia: Walking the Fine Line between Peace and Justice'
By Marina Aksenova
'‘Magical Legalism’ and the International Criminal Court: A Case Study of the Kenyan Preliminary Examination'
By Christian M. De Vos
'Challenges in the Relationship between the ICC and African States: The Role of Preliminary Examinations under the First ICC Prosecutor'
By Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
'Dealing with the Ongoing Conflict at the Heart of Europe: On the ICC Prosecutor’s Difficult Choices and Challenges in the Preliminary Examination into the Situation of Ukraine'
By Iryna Marchuk
'Accountability for British War Crimes in Iraq? Examining the Nexus between International and National Justice Responses'
By Thomas Obel Hansen
'The UK in Iraq and the ICC: Judicial Intervention, Positive Complementarity and the Politics of International Criminal Justice'
By Rachel Kerr
'The Situation of Palestine in Wonderland: An Investigation into the ICC’s Impact in Israel'
By Sharon Weill
'Quality Control in the Preliminary Examination of the Georgia Situation'
By Nino Tsereteli
'The Venture of the Comoros Referral at the Preliminary'
By Ali Emrah Bozbayındır

Part 3: The Normative Framework of Preliminary Examinations

'Prosecutorial Ethics and Preliminary Examinations at the ICC'
By Alexander Heinze and Shannon Fyfe
'Politics, Power Dynamics, and the Limits of Existing Self-Regulation and Oversight in ICC Preliminary Examinations'
By Asaf Lubin
'Disarming the Trap: Evaluating Prosecutorial Discretion in Preliminary Examinations beyond the False Dichotomy of Politics and Law'
By Jens Iverson
'Make the ICC Relevant: Aiding, Abetting, and Accessorizing as Aggravating Factors in Preliminary Examination'
By Christopher B. Mahony
'The Standard of Proof in Preliminary Examinations'
By Matthew E. Cross
'Reconceptualizing the Birth of the International Criminal Case: Creating an Office of the Examining Magistrate'
By Gregory S. Gordon

Part 4: Transparency, Co-operation and Participation in Preliminary Examination

'Deterrence or Withdrawals? Consequences of Publicising Preliminary Examination Activities'
By Ana Cristina Rodríguez Pineda
'Objectivity of the ICC Preliminary Examinations'
By Vladimir Tochilovsky
'The ICC’s Interplay with UN Fact-Finding Commissions in Preliminary Examinations'
By Mutoy Mubiala
'Non-States Parties and the Preliminary Examination of Article 12(3) Declarations'
By LING Yan
'Making Sense of the Invisible: The Role of the ‘Accused’ during Preliminary Examinations'
By Dov Jacobs and Jennifer Naouri
'Quality Control in the Preliminary Examination of Civil Society Submissions '
By Andreas Schüller and Chantal Meloni
'Civil Society Participation in Preliminary Examinations'
By Sarah Williams

Part 5: Thematicity in Preliminary Examination

'Quality Control in Preliminary Examination of Rape and Other Forms of Sexual Violence in International Criminal Law: A Feminist Analysis'
By Usha Tandon, Pratibha Tandon and Shreeyash U. Lalit
'Preliminary Examinations and Children: Beyond Child Recruitment Cases and Towards a Children’s Rights Approach'
By Cynthia Chamberlain
'Casting a Larger Shadow: Premeditated Madness, the International Criminal Court, and Preliminary Examinations'
By Mark Kersten
'Open Source Fact-Finding in Preliminary Examinations'
By Alexa Koenig, Felim McMahon, Nikita Mehandru and Shikha Silliman Bhattacharjee
'ICC Preliminary Examinations and National Justice: Opportunities and Challenges for Catalysing Domestic Prosecutions'
By Elizabeth M. Evenson

Quality Control in Criminal Investigation
Edited by Xabier Agirre Aranburu, Morten Bergsmo, Simon De Smet and Carsten Stahn

Table of Contents
'Preface by the Co-Editors'
By Xabier Agirre Aranburu, Morten Bergsmo, Simon De Smet and Carsten Stahn
'Foreword'
By Fatou Bensouda
'Foreword'
By Manoj Kumar Sinha
'Prologue'
By Gregory S. Gordon
'Investigative Bottlenecks and the Mindset of Quality Control'
By Xabier Agirre Aranburu and Morten Bergsmo

Part 1: The Context

'From Preliminary Examination to Investigation: Rethinking the Connection'
By Carsten Stahn
'Investigating International Crimes: Pitfalls, Problems and Promises'
By Thijs B. Bouwknegt

Part 2: Evidence and Analysis

'The Contribution of Analysis to the Quality Control in Criminal Investigation'
By Xabier Agirre Aranburu
'Analysis of Organisational Structures and Quality Control of Case Development'
By Christian Axboe Nielsen
'Interviewing Victims and Witnesses of Crime'
By Trond Myklebust, Gavin Oxburgh and William Webster
'Child Soldier or Soldier? Estimating Age in Cases of Core International Crimes: Challenges and Opportunities'
By Moa Lidén
'Confirmation Bias in Investigations of Core International Crimes: Risk Factors and Quality Control Techniques'
By Moa Lidén
'International Criminal Investigative Collection Planning, Collection Management and Evidence Review'
By Ewan Brown and William H. Wiley

Part 3: Systemic Challenges in Case-Preparatory Work-Processes

'Prioritisation of Suspected Conduct and Cases: From Idea to Practice'
By Devasheesh Bais
'Enhancing the Quality of Investigations: What Role Can the In-Depth Analysis Charts Play?'
By Olympia Bekou
'Controlling the Quality of Reasoning About the Link Between Evidence and Factual Findings'
By Simon De Smet
'Investigations of Criminal Responsibility by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor'
By Matthias Neuner
'Challenges in Charge Selection: Considerations Informing the Number of Charges and Cumulative Charging Practices'
By Cale Davis
'Rethinking Disclosure: Embrace the Electronic Disclosure Suite'
By David Re

Part 4: Investigation Plans as Instruments of Quality Control

'Investigation Plans in International Criminal Investigations: The Example of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor'
By Markus Eikel
'Investigation Plans in the Draft Regulations of the ICC Office of the Prosecutor: An Italian Perspective'
By Antonio Angotti
'Use of Investigation Plans in Indian Criminal Justice: The Crime of Human Trafficking'
By Usha Tandon and Shreeyash Uday Lalit
'Investigation Plans as a Tool for Managing Investigations in Norway'
By Alf Butenschøn Skre

Part 5: Judicial and Prosecutorial Participation in Investigation and Case Preparation

'Quality Control in Case Preparation and the Role of the Judiciary of the International Criminal Court'
By Gilbert Bitti
'The Judiciary and Enhancement of the Classification of Alleged Conduct'
By Eleni Chaitidou
'The Role of the Judiciary in the Enhancement of Quality in the National Investigation and Preparation of Core International Crimes'
By Leïla Bourguiba
'The Importance of Successful Co-operation Between Police Investigators and the Prosecution Service to Secure Efficient and Fair Court Proceedings and Verdicts'
By Tor-Geir Myhrer
'Some Reflections on the Role of Military Justice Mechanisms in the International Criminal Justice System'
By Gilad Noam

Quality Control in Fraud and Corruption Investigations
Edited by Tom Willems, Carsten Stahn, Darren Frey and Antonio Angotti

Table of Contents
'Preface by the Co-Editors'
By Tom Willems, Carsten Stahn, Darren Frey and Antonio Angotti
'Foreword'
By Susan E. Brandon
'Evidence-Based Approaches to Investigative Thinking'
By Tom Willems, Carsten Stahn, Darren Frey and Antonio Angotti
'Investigating Allegations of Fraud and Corruption Affecting the European Union’s Budget: A Classic Investigative Process?'
By Ivar Fahsing, Andon Tashukov and Anton Penneman
'The Investigative Mindset'
By Tom Willems, Milanka Jug and Marian-Vladut Cozma
'‘Noise’ in Investigations'
By Darren Frey, Charidimos Chaloftis and Tom Willems
'Beating Biases: An Investigator’s Mirage?'
By Darren Frey, Tom Willems and Milanka Jug
'Initial Reporting'
By Simon Baechler, Jorick Schreurs and Georgios Kougias
'Preliminary Examination of Information'
By Carsten Stahn, Paolo Proli and Pascal Hollevoet
'Investigation Plans'
By Antonio Angotti, Kris Vandenberk and Julius Dirma
'Fact-Finding, at the Core of the Investigation Process'
By Anna Sagana, Judit Tátrai and Olivier Coene
'Models of Rational Proof in Investigation'
By Daniela-Simona Tatu, Jorick Schreurs and Tom Willems
'‘To Intend or Not to Intend?’, That Is the (Difficult) Question'
By Tom Willems, Anna Sagana and Jennifer Vanderputten

Interviewing and Interrogation: A Review of Research and Practice
Since World War II
Edited by Gavin E. Oxburgh, Trond Myklebust, Mark Fallon and Maria Hartwig

Table of Contents
'Preface by the Co-Editors'
By Gavin E. Oxburgh, Trond Myklebust, Mark Fallon and Maria Hartwig
'Foreword'
By Winton L. Keenen
'Foreword'
By Kristin Ottesen Kvigne
'Prologue'
By Juan Méndez and Mark Thomson

Part I: General

'The Science of Interviewing: How Do We Know What We Know?'
By Christopher E. Kelly and Melissa B. Russano
'Do Jurors Understand the Causes of False Confession, and Do They Adjust Their Perceptions of Suspects’ Confessions Appropriately?'
By Deborah Davis and Richard A. Leo
'Background to Interviewing Vulnerable Persons'
By Gisli H. Gudjonsson
'Rapport, Empathy and Relationship-Building During Interviews'
By Gavin E. Oxburgh, Fiona Gabbert, Lee Moffett, Libby Ashurst and Lauren Grundy
'Forget the ‘Fever Dreams’ of Interrogational Torture: Science, Ethics and Policy Serve Effective and Humane Interviewing'
By Shane O’Mara
'The Méndez Principles'
By Rebecca Shaeffer, Veronica Hinestroza and Sean Tait
'Forensic Linguistics and Interviewing'
By Nicci MacLeod and Annina Heini
'Cultural Aspects of Interviewing'
By Nkansah Anakwah, Nael Sumampouw and Henry Otgaar
'Does Interviewing Affect Suggestibility and False Memory Formation?'
By Henry Otgaar, Sanne T.L. Houben, Peter Muris and Mark L. Howe

Part II: Suspects

'The Scharff Technique'
By Pär Anders Granhag
'The Evolution of Suspect Interview Training in United States Federal Law Enforcement'
By Patricia Donovan and Laura Zimmerman
'Structured Models of Interviewing'
By John Halley, David Walsh, Trond Myklebust and Ole Thomas Bjerknes
'The Cylinder Model'
By Mattias Sjöberg, Paul J. Taylor and Stacey M. Conchie
'Strategic Use of Evidence: A Review of the Technique and Its Principles'
By Maria Hartwig and Pär Anders Granhag
'Observing Rapport-Based Interpersonal Techniques for Research and Training in Suspect Interviewing'
By Frances Surmon-Böhr, Laurence J. Alison and Emily Alison

Part III: Victims and Witnesses

'The Cognitive Interview in Laboratory and Field Tests of Crime and Terrorism'
By Ronald P. Fisher and Tzachi Ashkenazi
'The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Protocol'
By Trond Myklebust, David J. La Rooy and Carlos E. Peixoto
'Achieving Best Evidence from Victims and Witnesses'
By Laura D. Farrugia and Katie Maras
'The Self-Administered Interview'
By Fiona Gabbert and Lorraine Hope
'The Timeline Technique'
By Lorraine Hope, Wayne Thomas and Feni Kontogianni

Part IV: Relevant Organizations

'The International Investigative Interviewing Research Group (iIIRG)'
By Trond Myklebust and Gavin E. Oxburgh
'From Research to Practice: The High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group'
By Susan E. Brandon and Christian A. Meissner
'The Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats'
By Paul J. Taylor and Stacey M. Conchie
'Concluding Remarks on the Future of Interviewing and Interrogation: Advancing Science and Practice'
By Maria Hartwig, Mark Fallon, Trond Myklebust and Gavin E. Oxburgh

Criteria for Prioritizing and Selecting Core International Crimes Cases
Edited by Morten Bergsmo

Table of Contents
'Preface by the Volume Editor'
By Morten Bergsmo
'Foreword'
By Siri S. Frigaard
'Foreword'
By Julija Bogoeva

Part I: The Relevancy, Context and Nature of Selection and Prioritization Criteria

'On the Theme of Selection and Prioritization Criteria'
By Morten Bergsmo
'Prioritization of Suspected Conduct and Cases: From Idea to Practice'
By Devasheesh Bais
'Criteria for Prosecution of International Crimes: The Importance for States and the International Community of the Quality of the Criminal Justice Process for Atrocities, in Particular of the Exercise of Fundamental Discretion by Key Justice Actors'
By Rolf Einar Fife
'Requisite Resources and Capacity to Process Backlogs of Core International Crimes Cases'
By Ilia Utmelidze
'On the Nature of Selection and Prioritization Criteria: An Analysis of Select Documents'
By Morten Bergsmo and María Paula Saffon
'Case Selection and Prioritization at the International Criminal Court'
By Rod Rastan
'The Selection and Prioritization of Cases by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor (2003–2009)'
By Paul Seils
'Case Selection and Prioritization Criteria in the Work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia'
By Claudia Angermaier
'Case Selection and Prioritization Criteria at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda'
By Alex Obote-Odora
'Prosecution Criteria at the Khmer Rouge Tribunal'
By Anees Ahmed and Margaux Day

Part III: Criteria in Domestic Jurisdictions

'Applying Selection and Prioritization Criteria to Sex Crimes Cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo'
By Olympia Bekou
'Canada’s Approach to File Review in the Context of War Crimes Cases'
By Terry M. Beitner
'(The Lack of) Criteria for the Selection of Crimes Against Humanity Cases: The Case of Argentina'
By Mirna Goransky and María Luisa Piqué
'Problematic Selection and Lack of Clear Prioritization: Early Justice and Peace Experience in Colombia'
By María Paula Saffon
'Selection and Prioritization in Colombia With Emphasis on the Attorney General’s Office and the Legal Framework for Peace'
By Alejandro Aponte Cardona
'The Orientation Criteria Document in Bosnia and Herzegovina'
By Zekerija Mujkanović
'Criteria for Selection and Prioritization of Core International Crimes in the National War Crimes Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina'
By Aida Šušić
'Criteria for Prioritizing and Selecting Core International Crimes Cases: The Situation in Croatia'
By Vesna Terselić
'The Strategy for Prosecuting War Crimes in the Early Years of the Serbian Office of the War Crimes Prosecutor'
By Nataša Kandić
'Human Rights Courts in Indonesia: A Brief Outline'
By Fadillah Agus

Part IV: Interests and Efficacy

'Gravity of Crimes and Responsibility of the Suspect'
By Xabier Agirre Aranburu
'Functions of the Gravity Threshold Before the ICC: Releasing the Prosecutor From the Gravity Constraint'
By Megumi Ochi
'Making Justice Meaningful for Victims'
By Richard J. Dicker
'The Danger of Selective Justice'
By Christopher K. Hall
'Remarks on the Characteristics of Effective Criteria for the Prioritization of Core International Crimes Cases'
By Mirsad Tokača
'Post-Conflict Criminal Justice: Practical and Policy Considerations'
By Vladimir Tochilovsky
'Case Mapping, Selection and Prioritization of Conflict and Atrocity-Related Crimes: CMN Guidelines'
By Emilie Hunter and Ilia Utmelidze

Thematic Prosecution of International Sex Crimes
Edited by Morten Bergsmo

Table of Contents
'Preface by the Editor'
By Morten Bergsmo
'Foreword'
By Richard J. Goldstone
'Towards Rational Thematic Prosecution and the Challenge of International Sex Crimes'
By Morten Bergsmo
'An Expressive Rationale for the Thematic Prosecution of Sex Crimes'
By Margaret M. deGuzman
'“Those Most Responsible” versus International Sex Crimes: Competing Prosecution Themes?'
By Fabricio Guariglia
'Prioritising International Sex Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone: One More Instrument of Political Manipulation?'
By Christopher B. Mahony
'Prospects for Thematic Prosecution of International Sex Crimes in Latin America'
By Flor de Maria Valdez-Arroyo
'Thematic Prosecution of International Sex Crimes and Stigmatisation of Victims and Survivors: Two Sides of the Same Coin?'
By Benson Chinedu Olugbuo
'Thematic Prosecution of Crimes against Children'
By Susanna Greijer
'Looking Forward: The Prosecution of Sex Crimes in National Courts'
By Paloma Soria Montañez
'Contextualising Sexual Violence in the Prosecution of International Crimes'
By Valerie Oosterveld
'Going Beyond Prosecutorial Discretion: Institutional Factors Influencing Thematic Prosecution'
By Neha Jain
'Special Mechanisms to Investigate and Prosecute International Sex Crimes: Pro and Contra Arguments'
By Olympia Bekou
'Science and International Thematic Prosecution of Sex Crimes: A Tale of Re-essentialisation'
By Alejandra Azuero Quijano
'Thematic Investigations and Prosecution of International Sex Crimes: Some Critical Comments from a Theoretical and Comparative Perspective'
By Kai Ambos
'United Nations Military Peacekeeper Complicity in Sexual Abuse: The International Criminal Court or a Tri-hybrid Court'
By Róisín Burke
'The Impact of Prosecutorial Strategy on the Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual Violence at International Criminal Tribunals'
By Niamh Hayes
'Prosecuting Wartime Sexual Violence Committed against Men: Where Did It All Go Wrong?'
By Fletch Williams
'Case Selection and Complementarity at the International Criminal Court: Exposing the Vulnerability of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Crimes in the Admissibility Test'
By Dieneke de Vos
'Sexual Violence as an International Crime, the Restorative Paradigm and the Possibilities of a More Just Response'
By Estelle Zinsstag and Virginie Busck-Nielsen Claeys

Old Evidence and Core International Crimes
Edited by Morten Bergsmo, Cheah Wui Ling and Antonio Angotti

Table of Contents
'Preface by the Co-Editors'
By Morten Bergsmo, Cheah Wui Ling and Antonio Angotti
'Foreword'
By Stephen J. Rapp
'Foreword'
By Siri S. Frigaard
'Foreword'
By Shafique Ahmed