On Iran: A Library of Resources in Persian

CILRAP has produced Persian Lexsitus, the leading resource on international criminal law in the Persian language (Farsi). A digital public good, Persian Lexsitus offers immediate access to, inter alia, a library of more than 200 subtitled lectures and a commentary on the Statute and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court. It was launched in The Hague on 1 December 2025 and can be used without paywall or registration.

The Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher (TOAEP) has published three international criminal law books in Persian, freely available through these links:

• Terje Einarsen, The Concept of Universal Crimes in International Law;
• Wolfgang Kaleck, Double Standards: International Criminal Law and the West;
• Morten Bergsmo, Emiliano J. Buis and Song Tianying (editors), Philosophical Foundations of International Criminal Law: Legally-Protected Interests.

Chapters of Morten Bergsmo and Kishan Manocha (editors), Religion, Hateful Expression and Violence have also been translated and are available below on this page.

CILRAP’s thematic library on ‘Islám and Accountability’ contains several publications in English on Iran. CILRAP and its partners remain committed to supporting study and research on international criminal law among Persian-speakers.

Religion, Hateful Expression and Violence

• Table of Contents
• 'Preface by the Editors'
  By Morten Bergsmo and Kishan Manocha
• 'Foreword'
  By H.E. Ambassador Johan Vibe
• 'Foreword'
  By H.E. Cardinal Charles M. Bo
• 'Foreword'
  By Vincenzo Buonomo
• 'Foreword'
  By Claus Kreß
• 'Foreword'
  By Eli Salzberger and Fania Oz-Salzberger
• 'Foreword'
  By David Donat-Cattin
• 'Translator’s Foreword'
  By Fereydoon Jafari

Part 1: A Delicate Balancing of Values

• 'On the Problem of Hateful Expression in the Name of Religion'
  By Morten Bergsmo
• 'Bloodthirsty Religion? An Inquiry into the Religious Sources of Hateful and Violent Speech'
  By David Luban
• 'Drawing the Line Between the Preservation of Freedom of Religious Expression and the Fight Against Hate Speech and Incitement to Terrorism and Violence: The Perspective of a Judge and a Prosecutor'
  By Justice Dorit Beinisch

Part 2: Examples of Hateful Expression in Religious Contexts

Section A: Alleged Hate Speech in the Name of Buddhism: Myanmar Perspectives

• 'Mapping Some Controversial Public Utterances in Myanmar 2015–2020'
  By Kyaw Tin
• 'Alleged Hate Speech by Buddhists: A Myanmar Muslim’s Perspective'
  By U Aye Lwin

Section B: Alleged Hate Speech in the Name of Hinduism: The Situation in India

• 'Reflections on Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech and Sedition in India'
  By Madan B. Lokur and Shruti Narayan
• 'Patterns and Risks in Contemporary Religion-Based Hate Speech in India'
  By Medha Damojipurapu
• 'Religion-Based Hate Speech or Free Speech: Indian Courts in a Quandary'
  By Usha Tandon and Harleen Kaur

Section C: Alleged Hate Speech in the Name of Christianity: The Situation in the Balkans

• 'Religious Leaders and Nationalist Propaganda: The Serbian Orthodox Church'
  By Svein Mønnesland
• 'Religion and Ethno-Nationalist Extremism in Bosnia and Herzegovina'
  By Majda Halilović

Part 3: Overarching Normative Frameworks

Section D: The International Law Framework

• 'Freedom of Expression and International Criminal Law'
  By Matthias Neuner
• 'Freedom of Religion and the Prohibition of Incitement to Religious Hatred Under International Human Rights Law: Conundrums and the Way Ahead'
  By Mona Elbahtimy
• 'The Relevance of International Law Standards to Religious Leaders'
  By Ioana Cismas

Section E: Theological and Philosophical Frameworks

• 'In the Name of Belief: Religious (In)tolerance, Hate Speech and Justice in Classical Greek and Roman Sources'
  By Emiliano J. Buis
• 'Hate Speech: A Christian Perspective and a Reflection on Myanmar'
  By Michael Marett-Crosby
• 'Incitement to Religious Hatred: An Examination of the Approaches of Extremists to Islámic Sharí‘ah'
  By Adel Maged
• 'Broader Normative Bases for Religious Leaders to Prevent Hate Speech'
  By Gunnar M. Ekeløve-Slydal

Part 4: Motivations Behind Hate Speech

• 'Motivations for Terrorism: Personality Factors, Situational Factors and Hateful Incitement'
  By Ariel Merari
• 'Hate Speech on Social Media Platforms: Evidence From the Victims’ and the Perpetrators’ Perspectives'
  By Laura Dellagiacoma
• 'Colonial Prejudice and Discrimination Predicating Post-Colonial Hate Speech'
  By Jacques P. Leider
• 'Exploiting Social Influence: Embedded Human Agency and Perversion of Religion'
  By Song Tianying
• 'The Use of Religious Themes to Islámize European Anti-Semitism and Motivate Hateful Expression in the Hamas Covenant'
  By Eliyahu Stern

Part 5: Measures Available to Prevent or Reduce Hateful Expression in Religious Communities

Section F: External Measures

• 'Relevant Activities and Recommendations of Intergovernmental Organizations on the Role of Religious Actors to Reduce Hate Speech, Including in Their Own Contexts or Communities'
  By Kishan Manocha
• 'The Law as a Tool Against Hate Speech in Religious Contexts: Some Theoretical Comments in View of the Israeli Experience'
  By Gilad Noam
• 'Elements of the Local Osaka Ordinance that May Be Relevant to Community Self-Regulation'
  By Ochi Megumi
• 'A Non-Governmental Perspective on the Relative Effectiveness of Multilateral and Bilateral Measures to Combat Hate Speech: An Analysis of Tools Deployed in Response to Religious Hate Speech in Iran'
  By Bani Dugal

Section G: Internal Measures Available to Religious Leaders

• 'How Should Responsible Religious Leaders React to Hate Speech in Their Community?'
  By Mohamed Elewa Badar and Rana Moustafa Essawy
• 'Religion as a Legal Resource: Religious or Belief Leaders and the Countering of ‘Hateful Speech’'
  By Nazila Ghanea
• 'The Role of Al-Ázhár Ash-Sharíf in Combating Extremism and Hate Speech in Light of International Instruments'
  By Adel Maged
• 'Reflections on the Potential of Social Media to Assist Religious Actors Who Seek to Prevent or Reduce Hate Speech'
  By Peter J. Stern
• 'Translational and Terminological Sensitizing of Muslim Religious Leaders of Al-Ázhár in the Combat Against Hate Speech'
  By Fathi M.A. Ahmed